We assume that Tchaikovsky was always destined to be a great musician, but in fact his respected piano teacher, Rudolf Kundinger, tried hard to dissuade him from a musical career. Fortunately for us all, Kundinger’s advice was ignored.
Born in Kamsko-Votkinsk, the 7th of May 1840, Tchaikovsky was the second eldest of six children. At the age of six he could read French and German and at seven wrote verses in French and began piano lessons. He spent the first eight years of his life comparatively settled, but in 1848 his father, a mining engineer, resigned his government post which brought about a difficult period of constant moves. In 1850 Tchaikovsky began attending the St. Petersburg School of Jurisprudence, becoming a clerk in the Ministry of Justice in 1859. He studied with Nicolai Zaremba until the opening of the new St. Petersburg Conservatory in 1862, to which he transferred. The next year Tchaikovsky left his job in the Ministry of Justice to study full time at the Conservatory.
Anton Rubenstein, the director of the conservatory, took an interest in Tchaikovsky and had him study everything including conducting. He was always terrified of facing an orchestra (even when in great demand as a conductor), fearing his head would fall from his shoulders. For that reason he conducted with his left hand under his chin to keep it attached.
Graduating after four years he went on to teach for twelve years at the Moscow Conservatory, where he began to compose. In his first two years there he had already written his first symphony and the opera Voyevoda. In 1868 he met with the famous group of young Russian composers "The Five" - Balakirev, Borodin, Cui, Mussorgsky and Rimsky-Korsakov. Although he greatly admired them and wrote his second symphony in response to their fervor, he never joined the group and in the end thought of them as more internationalists than true Russians.
From 1869 to 1875 he wrote three more operas and became music critic for Russkiye Vedomosti in 1872.
In 1877 one of his pupils, Antonina Milyokova, declared her love for Tchaikovsky and hinted at suicide unless he would marry her. So involved was he in the composition of Eugene Onegin that he could not find it in himself to callously reject her as had Onegin rejected Tatiana. In a bid for conventionality he married her, but after a disastrous nine weeks they separated. Tchaikovsky attempted suicide by drowning but was saved by his brother, Modeste, only to suffer a nervous breakdown. Tchaikovsky moved to Switzerland to recover and later to Italy. He continued his financial support of Antonina until his death. For her part, she took on a series of lovers and finally died in an asylum in 1917.
It was at this time that Tchaikosky came under the patronage of Madame Nadezhda von Meck who gave him a yearly allowance permitting him to give up teaching and devote his time to composition. They never met each other, but their correspondence was extensive and frank. He wrote his fourth symphony in dedication to Mme. von Meck.
Tchaikovsky became well regarded in Russia and also in Britain and the United States. In 1885 he moved to a country house in Klin where he lived in virtual isolation and wrote Manfred. 1888 and 1889 brought tours as a conductor to Germany, France and England. After the production of The Sleeping Beauty in 1890, Tchaikovsky went to Florence to work on his opera The Queen of Spades which was produced in St. Petersburg later that year. This was also the time when his sponsorship by Mme. von Meck ended, due either to her illness or pressure from her family. Although he no longer relied on her financial support, this was a dreadful blow to Tchaikovsky’s self esteem from which he never recovered.
1891 brought the very successful tour of the United States and Tchaikovsky's appearance at the opening of the Music Hall (renamed Carnegie Hall), followed the next year with the premiere of The Nutcracker. In 1893 he received an honorary doctorate of music from Cambridge University. The sixth symphony, having been begun in 1891 but abandoned, was completed in 1893. Tchaikovsky believed it to be his best work. The critics were not too kind. A few days later, November 6, 1893, Tchaikovsky died of cholera, probably the result of drinking a glass of unboiled water.
It has often been proposed that since Tchaikovsky's contacts with people were often unsatisfactory, his music became the expression of his emotions. While it is often pervaded by melancholy, there are times when the composer could shake off his gloom and write some of the most buoyant and brightest music ever heard. This he was able to achieve in The Nutcracker which came at a very low ebb in his affairs.
Tchaikovsky raised the status of ballet music to previously unknown distinction. Such a revolution, however, did not happen instantly. In his lifetime his ballet music was considered too symphonic, much as some of today's critics claim his symphonies are too balletic. It is difficult to understand why either should be considered a flaw.
Tchaikovsky loved danceable music, particularly that of Mozart who was one of his favorite composers. Tchaikovsky’s music, imbued with its sweeping lyricism, richness, and danceable qualities is a frequent choice of inspiration for choreographers.
A short list of Tchaikovsky’s compositions that were not written for ballets but have subsequently been choreographed to.
Serenade for String Orchestra Eros/Fokine (1915)
Serenade/Balanchine (1934)
Francesca da Rimini Fokine(1915)
Lichine (1937)
Lifar (1958)
Romeo and Juliet fantasy overture Bartholin (1937)
Harangozo (1939)
Lifar (1946)
Variations on a Rococo Theme Reflections/Arpino
1st Suite for Orchestra Mirror Walkers/Wright
Reveries/Clifford
2nd Suite for Orchestra Tchaikovsky Suite No. 2/ d’Amboise
3rd Suite for Orchestra Theme and Variations / Balanchine
Tchaikovsky Suite No. 3 / Balanchine
4th Suite for Orchestra Mozartiana/Balanchine
2nd Piano Concerto Ballet Imperial/Balanchine
3rd Piano Concerto Allegro Brillante/Balanchine
1st Symphony Snow Maiden/Bourmeister
Anastasia/MacMillan
3rd Symphony Anastasia/MacMillan
5th Symphony Les Presages/Massine
Jewels (Diamonds)/Balanchine
6th Symphony L’Amour et son destin/Lifar
Nijinsky - Clown of God/Béjart
Manfred Symphony Manfred/Nureyev
Hamlet (Fantasy Overture) Hamlet/Helpmann
Piano Trio Aleko/Massine
Designs with Strings/Taras
Songs Time Past Summer/Harkarvy
Assorted (Selections arranged by Stolze) Eugene Onegin/Cranko
Selected list of Tchaikovsky's compositions
1866 Symphony #1, Winter Daydreams
1868 Fate, symphonic poem
1869 Romeo and Juliet, fantasy overture (see 1880)
1871 String Quartet in D major
1872 Symphony #2, LittleRussian
1873 The Tempest
1874-5 Piano Concerto #1
String quartet in F
1875 Swan Lake, ballet
Symphony #3, Polish
String quartet in Eb
1876 Variations on a Rococo Theme
Slavonic March
1877 Symphony #4
Francesca da Rimini
Waltz Scherzo
1878 Violin concerto in D
Suite # 1
1879 Eugene Onegin
Capriccio Italien
Piano Concerto #2
1880 Serenade for Strings
Romeo and Juliet (final revision)
1881 Joan of Arc, opera
1882 1812 Overture
Piano trio in A minor
1883 Suite #2Mazeppa, opera
1884 Suite #3
Concert-fantasy
1885 Manfred Symphony
1887 Suite #4, Mozartiana
1888 The Sleeping Beauty
Hamlet, overture
Symphony #5
1890 The Queen of Spades
1892 Iolanthe
The Nutcracker
String Sextet
1893 Symphony #6, Pathetique
Piano Concerto #3
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